An empirical study of large, naturally occurring starling flocks: a benchmark in collective animal behaviour

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dc.creatorBallerini, Michele
dc.creatorCabibbo, Nicola
dc.creatorCandelier, Raphael
dc.creatorCavagna, Andrea
dc.creatorCisbani, Evaristo
dc.creatorGiardina, Irene
dc.creatorOrlandi, Alberto
dc.creatorParisi, Giorgio
dc.creatorProcaccini, Andrea
dc.creatorViale, Massimiliano
dc.creatorZdravkovic, Vladimir
dc.date2008-02-12
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-07T09:21:22Z
dc.date.available2026-07-07T09:21:22Z
dc.descriptionBird flocking is a striking example of collective animal behaviour. A vivid illustration of this phenomenon is provided by the aerial display of vast flocks of starlings gathering at dusk over the roost and swirling with extraordinary spatial coherence. Both the evolutionary justification and the mechanistic laws of flocking are poorly understood, arguably because of a lack of data on large flocks. Here, we report a quantitative study of aerial display. We measured the individual three-dimensional positions in compact flocks of up to 2700 birds. We investigated the main features of the flock as a whole - shape, movement, density and structure - and discuss these as emergent attributes of the grouping phenomenon. We find that flocks are relatively thin, with variable sizes, but constant proportions. They tend to slide parallel to the ground and, during turns, their orientation changes with respect to the direction of motion. Individual birds keep a minimum distance from each other that is comparable to their wingspan. The density within the aggregations is non-homogeneous, as birds are packed more tightly at the border compared to the centre of the flock. These results constitute the first set of large-scale data on three-dimensional animal aggregations. Current models and theories of collective animal behaviour can now be tested against these results.
dc.descriptionTo be published in Animal Behaviour
dc.identifierhttps://arxiv.org/abs/0802.1667
dc.identifierhttp://arxiv.org/abs/0802.1667
dc.identifier.urihttp://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/155000
dc.subjectQuantitative Methods
dc.subjectStatistical Mechanics
dc.subjectPopulations and Evolution
dc.titleAn empirical study of large, naturally occurring starling flocks: a benchmark in collective animal behaviour
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