Creation of Closed or Open Universe from Constrained Instanton
Abstract
Description
In the no-boundary univers e the universe is created from an instanton. However, there does not exist any instanton for the ``realistic'' $FRW$ universe with a scalar field. The ``instanton'' leading to its quantum creation may be modified and reinterpreted as a constrained gravitational instanton.
5 pages, modified
5 pages, modified