2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/30600This paper presents a comprehensive empirical comparison between two approaches for developing a base noun phrase chunker: human rule writing and active learning using interactive real-time human annotation. Several novel variations on active learning are investigated, and underlying cost models for cross-modal machine learning comparison are presented and explored. Results show that it is more efficient and more successful by several measures to train a system using active learning annotation rather than hand-crafted rule writing at a comparable level of human labor investment.9 pages, 4 figures, appeared in ACL2000Computation and LanguageArtificial IntelligenceI.2.7text