2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/223969A one-dimensional system of interacting electrons out of equilibrium is studied in the framework of the Luttinger liquid model. We analyze several setups and develop a theory of tunneling into such systems. A remarkable property of the problem is the absence of relaxation in energy distribution functions of left- and right-movers, yet the presence of the finite dephasing rate due to electron-electron scattering, which smears zero-bias-anomaly singularities in the tunneling density of states.5 pages, 2 figuresMesoscale and Nanoscale Physicstext