2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/8462The changing universe model (CUM) describes galaxy parameter relationships (SESAPS '03, session EB 2). The CUM must be successfully applied to cosmological scale observations to be considered a cosmological model. A major component of current cosmological models is the Hubble constant $H_\mathrm{o}$. An equation is derived using the CUM model relating redshift $z$ and the distance $D$ to galaxies and is applied to a sample of 32 spiral galaxies with $D$ calculated using Cepheid variable stars. The equation predicts a galaxy may have $z<0$ in special circumstances. Three elliptical galaxies with peculiar characteristics are discovered to be CUM Sinks. The Sinks give a physical explanation of the ``Virgocentric infall'' and ``Great Attractor'' observations without a large, unobserved mass. At low cosmological distances, the equation reduces to $z \approx \exp(KD) -1 \approx KD$, where $K$ is a constant, positive value. The equation predicts $z$ from galaxies over 23 Gpc distant approaches a constant value on the order of 1000. The CUM gives a physical basis for the Doppler shift of particle photons.Presented at SESAPS '04, session GD.015, 11 pagesAstrophysicstext