2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/96070A large-scale smoothed-out model of the universe ignores small-scale inhomogeneities, but the averaged effects of those inhomogeneities may alter both observational and dynamical relations at the larger scale. This article discusses these effects, and comments briefly on the relation to gravitational entropy.17 pages; matches published version in Phys. Lett. A (Einstein special issue)General Relativity and Quantum CosmologyAstrophysicstext