2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/72467Let $ϕ(\cdot)$ and $σ(\cdot)$ denote the Euler function and the sum of divisors function, respectively. In this paper, we give a lower bound for the number of positive integers $m\le x$ for which the equation $m=n-ϕ(n)$ has no solution. We also give a lower bound for the number of $m\le x$ for which the equation $m=σ(n)-n$ has no solution. Finally, we show the set of positive integers $m$ not of the form $(p-1)/2-ϕ(p-1)$ for some prime number $p$ has a positive lower asymptotic density.20 pagesNumber Theory11A25; 11A41, 11N64text