2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/70790In this paper, we develop the theory of the necklace ring and the logarithmic function. Regarding the necklace ring, we introduce the necklace ring functor $Nr$ from the category of special $\ld$-rings into the category of special $\ld$-rings and then study the associated Adams operators. As far as the logarithmic function is concerned, we generalize the results in Bryant's paper (J. Algebra. 253 (2002); no.1, 167-188) to the case of graded Lie (super)algebras with a group action by applying the Euler-Poincaré principle.Rings and Algebras11F03;11F22;17B70text