2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/118737Highly oriented ZnO thin-film has been obtained at a very low pre-heating temperature, with the spin-coating sol-gel technique. The dependence of the c-axis orientation on the pre-heating temperature has been studied with experimental design and response surface techniques to optimize the deposition process with respect to c-axis orientation, and surface uniformity. The optimization variables selected for this study are: pre-heating temperature, spin-coating speed and number of coating layers. The films are probed with X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy.5 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Materials LettersMaterials Sciencetext