2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/99245Charge kinks are considered as fundamental excitations in quarter-filled charge-ordered ladders. The strength of the coupling of the kinks to the three-dimensional lattice depends on their energy. The integrated intensity of Raman scattering by kink-antikink pairs is proportional to $ϕ^{5}$ or $ϕ^{4},$ where $ϕ$ is the order parameter. The exponent is determined by the system parameters and by the strength of the electron-phonon coupling.To be published in Phys. Rev.B (june 2001)Strongly Correlated ElectronsMaterials Sciencetext