2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/195965Motivated by several recent data, we test the QCD spectral sum rules (QSSR) predictions based on different proposals (\bar qq, \bar q\bar q qq, and gluonium) for the nature of scalar mesons. In the I=1 and 1/2 channels, the unusual (wrong) splitting between the a_0(980) and κ(900) and the a_0(980) width can be understood from QSSR within a \bar qq assignement. However, none of the \bar qq and \bar q\bar q qq results can explain the large κwidth, which may suggest that it can result from a strong interference with non-resonant backgrounds. In the I=0 channel, QSSR and some low-energy theorems (LET) require the existence of a low mass gluonium σ_B(1 GeV) coupled strongly to Goldstone boson pairs which plays in the U(1)_V channel, a similar role than the η' for the value of the U(1)_A topological charge. The observed σ(600) and f_0(980) mesons result from a maximal mixing between the gluonium σ_B and \bar qq(1 GeV) mesons, a mixing scheme which passes several experimental tests. OZI violating J/ψ--> ϕπ^+π^-, D_s--> 3πdecays and J/ψ--> γS glueball filter processes may indicate that most of the I=0 mesons above 1 GeV have important gluonium in their wave functions. We expect that the f_0(1500), f_0(1710) and f_0(1790) have significant gluonium component in their wave functions, while the f_0(1370) is mostly \bar qq. Tests of these results can be provided by the measurements of the pure gluonium η'ηand 4πspecific U(1)_A decay channels.Version to appear in Phys. Rev. D (one previous figure corrupted)High Energy Physics - PhenomenologyHigh Energy Physics - ExperimentHigh Energy Physics - LatticeNuclear Theorytext