2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/81031Almost every biological, economic and social system is a complex adaptive system (CAS). Mathematical and computer models are relevant to CAS. Some approaches to modeling CAS are given. Applications in vaccination and the immune system are studied. Mathematical topics motivated by CAS are discussed.26 pages, accepted in Mansoura J. MathAdaptation and Self-Organizing Systemstext