2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/196057Quantum electrodynamics predicts that photons undergo one-loop scattering. The combined effect of this on the behaviour of a photon gas for temperatures above 10^{10} K results in a softening of the equation of state. We calculate the effect this has on the effective equation of state in the early universe, taking into account all the species of the Standard Model. The change to the dynamics of the early universe is discussed.4 pages, version to appear in Physics Letters BHigh Energy Physics - PhenomenologyAstrophysicsGeneral Relativity and Quantum CosmologyHigh Energy Physics - LatticeHigh Energy Physics - Theorytext