2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/229828The Maxwell and Maxwell-de Rham equations can be solved exactly to first order in an external gravitational field. The gravitational background induces phases in the wave functions of spin-1 particles. These phases yield the optics of the particles without requiring any thin lens approximation.16 pages, 2 figuresGeneral Relativity and Quantum Cosmologytext