2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/170320The process of social expansion in Europe can be better understood with various concepts related to complexity science. Findings of exploratory research show a typical process of social expansion in Europe within the period 1495-1945, in which wars have been instrumental. Furthermore, this research enables the identification of vulnerabilities, and conditions for success in a process of social expansion.7 pagesAdaptation and Self-Organizing Systemstext