2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/112853In the first part, we derive a sharp gradient estimate for the log of Dirichlet heat kernel and Poisson heat kernel on domains, and a sharpened local Li-Yau gradient estimate that matches the global one. In the second part, without explicit curvature assumptions, we prove a global upper bound for the fundamental solution of an equation introduced by G. Perelman, i.e. the heat equation of the conformal Laplacian under backward Ricci flow. Further, under nonnegative Ricci curvature assumption, we prove a qualitatively sharp, global Gaussian upper bound.Differential GeometryAnalysis of PDEs58J35, 35K20text