2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/135921A complex algebraic variety X defined over the real numbers is called an M-variety if the sum of its Betti numbers (for homology with closed supports and coefficients in Z/2) coincides with the corresponding sum for the real part of X. It has been known for a long time that any nonsingular complete toric variety is an M-variety. In this paper we consider whether this remains true for toric varieties that are singular or not complete, and we give a positive answer when the dimension of X is less than or equal to 3.13 pagesAlgebraic GeometryAlgebraic Topology14P25 (primary); 55M35, 55N91 (secondary)text