2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/149438For spontaneous breaking of global or gauge symmetry, it is superfluous to assume that the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field manifesting the symmetry is nonvanishing. The vacuum with spontaneous symmetry breaking simply corresponds to nonzero number of particles of one or more components of the real scalar field.Revtex, 6 pages, a revised versionHigh Energy Physics - Theorytext