2026-07-072026-07-07http://salesiana.dossiersoluciones.com/handle/123456789/138160The current theoretical and experimental situations are reviewed for low-dimensional insulating systems with a low magnetic transition temperature TM and pronounced short-range magnetic order above this temperature. Both the standard and self-consistent spin-wave theories are shown to be insufficient to quantitatively describe the experimental data on these systems. Field-theoretical approaches taking into account the contribution of the spin-fluctuation excitations (neglected in the spin-wave theories) to the thermodynamic properties of ferro- and antiferromagnets are discussed.This is the russian version of the paper; the english version can be accessed from the DOI link below or requested from the authorsStrongly Correlated Electronstext